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Mi  Mi
SANSKRIT LANGUAGE
ORIGINS
SANSKRIT WORDS and BALTIC
Sanskrit words compared to Baltic
on the Example of Latvian
From the Wikipedia, Sanskrit:
"European scholarship in Sanskrit, begun by
Heinrich Roth (1620–1668) and Johann Ernst Hanxleden (1681–1731),[25]
is regarded as responsible for the discovery of the Indo-European
language family by Sir William Jones. This scholarship played an
important role in the development of Western philology, or historical
linguistics....
Sir William Jones,
speaking to the Asiatic Society
in Calcutta (now Kolkata)
on February 2, 1786, said:
"The Sanskrit language,
whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect
than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely
refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity,
both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could
possibly have been produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no
philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have
sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists."
(see the table of
comparisons further below, but read the following text if you have
questions, please)
LEXICAL COMPARISON
OF
SANSKRIT AND LATVIAN
Why the
comparison of Sanskrit and Baltic?
Sanskrit language is a sometimes said to be dead language
(but not according to this court decision of the Madras High Court)
attested only in written works several
thousands of years old.
It has been "reconstructed" by the linguists (see Sanskrit grammar).
Not everything they have concluded from ancient
texts is correct, whereas Latvian is still a living language.
The Sanskrit words
in the list below
are thought by the scholars to be the simple forms,
but since Sanskrit like
Latvian is an inflected
post-agglutinative
language,
the linguists have surely erred here and there,
as
they also do in deciphering agglutinative
allegedly pre-inflection languages
such
as Sumerian.
In Sumerian, for example,
they presume that words have U-endings as nominatives,
whereas words in Sumerian
temple verses, etc.
show that dative construction is often used (so my findings)
rather than nominatives
which
means that
the dative form is the subject
while in the object is
nominative.
Linguists have assumed the subject is nominative.
Such U-ending
dative forms -- as subjects --
have been mistaken as nominatives,
making for a clumsy, inaccurate Sumerian grammar.
Here is a Latvian example
of dative construction:
TĒVAM IR MĀJA =
FATHER (dative) HAS a HOUSE (nominative),
literally "FATHER'S IS (the) HOUSE"
Try this one in Latvian:
TĒVU MĀJU DEVU =
"I" (the "I" is assumed) FATHER's HOUSE GAVE
The current modern roots for those words
are TĒVS
(nominative) and MĀJA
(nominative).
There is no nominative form in the whole phrase.
For sentences like
that in Sumerian,
scholars would give those words U-stems, erroneously.
Note
that Latvian
like ancient Pharaonic Egyptian or Sumerian
has no definite or indefinite articles.
That is the "UR-ZUSTAND" of proto-Indo-European,
showing again how archaic the Baltic languages are.
My father came from Livonia, land of the Livs,
called VIDZEME, "middle earth", in Latvian,
which is where the purest,
central dialect of Latvian is spoken
viz. was spoken before the modern era.
Latvian became somewhat Russified during the period of occupation after
WWII, especially in the big cities, but there are also plenty of loan
words from English as well.
In rural Livonia, the truest Latvian form of
"I am" is still ES ESU, (esu "am" is thus an extension of
being, of es "the self")
whereas much of Latvia modernly says "ES ESMU",
surely a later variant.
Some familieis in Livonia still use very archaic vowel stems in many
words where modern Latvian has lost them.
An example would be the modern Latvian word agrs "early"
whereas in Livonia one might say agris, retaining
the more archaic i-stem.
Livonia borders on Estonia and the Estonian language is viewed to be
agglutinative, like Finnish.
In fact, there are many similarities between Latvian and Estonian, many
of them camouflaged by differing orthography and incompletely
researched
linguistics.
There is a widespread theory, for example,
that the Saami take their name
from the Baltic word zeme meaning
"earth",
borrowed and re-borrowed
according to the amusing fantasy of the linguists.
The Saami to the North of Latvia
is a land of thousands of lakes and
islands
and hardly would have been called "land" or "earth".
In fact, the most cogent theory is my theory
that the term Saami (Latvian SOMI "Finns")
relates to
the Latvian terms
ziema "Winter"
and ziemeļi
"North".
The simplest explanation is often the right one.
We still divide America into Northerners and Southerners.
Originally in Latvian, as Franz Bopp,
the founder of comparative linguistics argued,
demonstrative pronouns were agglutinated to word
roots
and this gave rise to inflection in the course of time.
In modern Latvian,
the intervening vowel in the agglutinated pronouns is often lost.
Here is how the demonstrative pronouns were added:
Latvian MAN-TAS "mine that"
became MANTAS "property,
i.e. belonging to me"
MAN-TO-JUMS
"mine that to you" or MAN-DO-JUMS "me give you" became MANTOJUMS
"testated property"
MAN-DO-ŠANA
"me-give-that" became
MANTOŠANA "the process of inheritance"
Modern linguists do not recognize this.
They live in an aritificial world
of purported grammatic rules of their own construction.
PIE-ROKAS-TAS
"by - the hand - that"
became PIRKSTAS "finger"
and that became PIRKSTS viz. PIRKSTIS "finger" etc.
We are thus not much
interested in grammatical forms.
Rather, we equate WORDS, regardless of their grammatical form.
The grammatical forms are
mutable
and almost totally irrelevant to these word equations.
To take one example out
of the lexical equations below,
let us take Sanskrit asru,
which I equate with the Latavian word asaru.
Grammatically, Latvian asara is singular and asaras is plural for
"tears of the eye",
but if we look at the word IN ACTUAL USE
Tik daudz asaru! = So many tears!, is
a recent
posting headline in Latvian.
__________
When I first put up this page many years ago
it was still difficult to get proper diacritic letters for the Latvian
language for online use, but that is now possible. Hence, although I
dislike diacritical marks in the modern computer age as sheer
time-wasters, I add them here, whereas I left them out of the original
page as posted.
I am a NATIVE Latvian speaker so do not presume that I do not know the
correct forms. I do. However, I do not always use the nominative form
of the nouns or the infinitive form of verbs and in past versions of
this page I used "uo" for the Latvian "o", a German orthography of
Latvian in early days of contact,
since "uo" more closely approximates the actual sound in Latvian
"o", which is not like the "o" in English.
I also use word forms found in the Latvian Dainas or other literature
that
may not conform exactly to moden spoken Latvian, which in Riga now has
many foreign elements and influences
both -- Russian and English -- for
example.
Over the years I have received all kinds of emails suggesting
word "corrections", and I promised some of the well-meaning posters to
change
the orthography and/or add explanations of terms, which I now finally
do, in
2012.
If I find the word used online as I use it,
I add a link,
so there should be no misunderstandings.
Recall:
The Sanskrit language is a dead language attested only in written works
several thousands of years old. Latvian still exists.
|
Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word (links in blue)
|
Meaning
(identical in both
languages)
|
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abhi
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abi
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"both"
|
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agra
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agra,
agri
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"early"
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asmi
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esmu
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"am"
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asnas
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asins, asinis
(some Latvian areas still retain the archaic "i"-stem)
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"blood"
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asru
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asaru
nom. sing. asara, plural is asaras
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"tear(s)
of the
eye"
|
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asti
|
ēsti
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"to
eat"
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avata
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avota
nom. avots
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"spring
water,
source"
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bhalto
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balto
nom. balts
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"light,
bright, white"
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bhanga
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banga
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"billow,
wave"
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bharata
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barota
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"feed,
fed,
take care of"
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bhedati
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bēdāti
bēdāties
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"worry,
grieve"
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bhuti
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būti
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"be,
exist"
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bhy
s
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bijās
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"feared,
was
afraid"
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cathurth
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ceturtā
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"fourth"
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word (links in blue)
|
Meaning
(identical in both
languages)
|
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dala
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daļa
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"part,
division"
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dina
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diena
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"day"
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d
hati
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degot(i)
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"burn(ing)
(fire)"
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Dyaus
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Dievs
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"Deus,
God"
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devah
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devēj(s)
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"giver"
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dhuma
|
dūma
(usually dūmu)
dūmi
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"of
smoke"
"smoke"
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drgha
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dārga
dārgs
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"expensive"
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dhurti
|
durti
(seen as
Lithuanian
but used
as e.g. caurdurti "puncture"
in Latvian)
Latv. durt
|
"injure,
stab"
literally "the act of stabbing" or "poking through"
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dusim
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dosim
mēs dosim
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"give,
will
give"
"we shall give"
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dhruva
|
druva
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"field
of
grain"
"cornfield"
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duris
|
duris
modernly durvis
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"door"
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*d
|
ēd
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"eat"
|
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word (links in blue)
|
Meaning
(identical in
both
languages)
|
|
ga*s
|
govs
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"cow,
cattle"
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gospada
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govs pēda
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"cow
track"
|
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griva
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grīva
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"mouth,
estuary, firth"
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ganisan
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ganīšana
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"shepherding,
pasturage"
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grabh
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grāb
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"grab"
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jiv
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dzīv(s)
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"alive"
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j*vati
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dzīvot(i)
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"live"
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yukt
|
jūgti
jūgs
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"harness"
"yoke"
|
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word
|
Meaning
(identical
for both
languages)
|
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krmi
|
ķirmis
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"wood-eater,
borer, worm"
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katha
|
kā tā
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"how
that"
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kada
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kad
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"when"
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kas
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kas
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"what"
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kataras
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katris
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"each"
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kliba
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kliba
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"unable,
lame"
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kuti
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kūti
nom. kūts
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"shed,
coop,
stable, barn"
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word
|
Meaning
(identical
for both
languages)
|
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mat*h
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māte
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"mother"
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manita
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manīta
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"known,
observed, noticed, spotted"
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madhu
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medus
medu is a grammatical
form
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"honey" (root
of term for "mead")
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mith
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mīt
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"change"
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mukti
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mukt(i)
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"run off, run
away, scoot off"
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n*kt
|
nakt(s)
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"night"
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nabhi
|
naba
nabiņa dim.
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"navel"
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okas
|
ēkas
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"buildings"
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word
|
Meaning
(identical
for both
languages)
|
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pl*si
|
bluši
modernly
blusas
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"fleas"
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palava
|
pelava
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"chaff"
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p*tis
|
patis
modernly
pats
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"self"
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pratikama
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patīkama
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"pleasant,
agreeable, nice"
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pretvira
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Rainis: "Tu lauzi mūs, naidīgā pretvara"
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"opponents,
contra power"
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prasnaya
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prašņaja
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"question"
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pluti
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plūdi
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"flood(s),
floodwaters"
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r*tha
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rats
rati
rata
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"wheel,
wheels, of
wheels"
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rasa
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rasa
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"dew"
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rud
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raud
raudāt
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"cries"
"cry"
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word
|
Meaning
(identical
for both
languages)
|
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sad
|
sēd
sēdēt "to sit"
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"sits"
|
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spurdh*se
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spārdijās
spārdīšana
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"kicked,
fought"
"kicking, fighting"
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sana
|
sen
sena
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"long ago"
"old"
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sunas
|
sunis
modernly
suns
|
"dog"
for sunis Google "mans sunis"
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sth
|
stāvēt
stāv
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"stand"
"stands"
|
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slaviti
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slavēti
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"praise,
glorify"
|
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svanta
|
svinēt
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"celebrate"
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sirsnas
|
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"from the
heart"
"heart" dim.
"heart"
"heartiness"
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saditi
|
stādīti
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"plant"
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skabh
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skāb(s)
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"unhappy,
sour"
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srava
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strava
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"stream,
current"
|
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sabara
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sabāra
sabārt
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"scold(ed)
scold"
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svarah
|
svara
nom. svars
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"of weight"
"weight, force"
|
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word
|
Meaning
(identical
for both
languages)
|
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talau jihva
|
tālu dzīvo
|
"far live"
|
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tava
|
tava
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"yours"
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tatha
|
tā
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"there"
|
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ti
|
ēdi
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"eat"
|
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trayas
|
trīs
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"three"
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trasati
|
trīcēt(i)
|
"tremble"
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ud*
|
ūdens
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"water"
|
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udhar
|
ūdris
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"otter"
|
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Sanskrit
Word
|
Latvian
Word
|
Meaning
(identical
for both
languages)
|
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vayus
|
vējis
modernly
vējš
|
"wind"
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vrkas
|
vilks
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"wolf"
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vira
|
vīrs
gen. vīra
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"man, husband"
|
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vrdhi
|
vārdi
|
"words"
|
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visur
|
visur
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"everywhere"
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varuni
|
varoņi
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"winners,
heroes"
|
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vacala
|
vācele
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"gossip"
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virsus
|
virsus
modernly
virs
|
"above, over,
top"
"over, on top of"
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vayu
|
vāju
nom. vājš
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"weak"
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Dev datta
|
Dieva dota
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"God
given"
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